Infrared Antennas and Resonant Structures, 赤外線アンテナと共鳴構造, 9781510613584, 978-1-5106-1358-4
Description
Infrared antennas and resonant structures are examples of the advances achieved during the last two decades based on the electromagnetic interaction of light and a wise combination of material and geometry. These interesting devices can be applied to a variety of fields in optics and photonics, where infrared detection can now overcome the limitations of previous technologies. This book starts with the basics of electromagnetism applicable to the interaction of light with metallic structures having a size comparable to the wavelength, then discusses the special behavior of metals; how to model, design, and validate through simulation of the proposed geometries; how to fabricate the most promising device designs; and various characterization techniques. Then follows a description of the two main types of devices developed by the authors: those producing an electric signal (antenna-coupled devices) and those changing the parameters of the light incident on the resonant elements (resonant optics). The book concludes by discussing current and potential challenges in new research and future devices.
Contents:
1 Introduction
1.1 Historical Background
1.2 Organization of the Text
2 Basic Electromagnetism
2.1 The Drude-Lorentz Model
2.1.1 Metals
2.1.2 Relation between the index of refraction and electric permittivity
2.1.3 Conductivity
2.1.4 Skin depth and impendances
2.1.5 Plasmons
2.2 Impendance Matching
2.2.1 Impedance definitions from the energy bucket
2.2.2 Equivalent circuit for antenna-coupled diodes
2.2.3 Resonant structures
3 Modeling, Design, and Simulation
3.1 Material Fabrication Constraints
3.1.1 The role of the substrate
3.1.2 Material characterization
3.2 Classical Designs
3.2.1 Slot antennas
3.2.2 Diffractive optical elements and antennas
3.3 Computational Electromagnetism. Methods and Approaches
3.3.1 Green's tensor methods
3.3.2 Method of moments (MoM)
3.3.3 Multiple multipole (MMP) method
3.3.4 Transmission line matrix (TLM) method
3.3.5 Finite differences in the time domain (FDTD) method
3.3.6 Finite element method (FEM)
3.3.7 Material considerations and computational implementation
3.4 Multiphysics Approach
4 Fabrication
4.1 Optical and Electron-beam Lithography
4.1.1 Choice of resist
4.1.2 Patterning processes
4.2 Thin-Film Deposition Methods
4.2.1 Evaporation
4.2.2 Sputtering
4.2.3 Chemical vapor deposition
4.3 Etching
5 Characterization and Testing of Infrared Antennas
5.1 Spatial Responsitivity
5.1.1 Probe beam characterization
5.1.2 Experimental setup
5.2 Far-Field Measurement. Angular Response
5.3 Spectral Selectivity
5.4 Polariazation Selectivity
5.5 Noise in Antenna-Coupled Detectors
5.6 Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Specific Detectivity, D
5.7 Biasing Electronics and Modulation
5.8 Near-Field Measurements using s-SNOM Techniques
6 Antenna-Coupled Detectors
6.1 Transduction Mechanisms in Antenna-Coupled Devices
6.1.1 Diodes
6.1.2 Bolometers
6.1.3 Thermoelectric
6.2 Phased-Array Antennas and Transmission Lines
6.3 Rectennas and Energy Harvesters
7 Resonant Optics
7.1 Frequency-Selective Surfaces
7.1.1 Spectral response of frequency-selective surfaces
7.2 Resonant Optical Retarders
7.3 Resonant Phase Plates
7.3.1 Aberrations and MTF in reflectarrays
8 Conclusions and Open Issues